Peyronie's disease is a medical condition that affects the penis and causes it to bend or curve during an erection due to the development of scar tissue inside the penile shaft. This condition can lead to penile pain, abnormal curvature, shortening, erectile dysfunction (ED), and difficulties during sexual intercourse. Although a slight penile curve can be normal, a new or progressively worsening bend may indicate Peyronie's disease and should be evaluated by a qualified urologist.
Peyronie's disease can affect men of different ages, although it is more commonly diagnosed in middle-aged and older men. The condition may develop gradually or appear following an injury to the penis. Some men experience mild symptoms that do not significantly affect their sexual activities, while others develop severe curvature, painful erections, and difficulty maintaining satisfactory sexual relationships.
The good news is that several treatment options are available to manage Peyronie's disease. Depending on the severity of the condition, treatment may include observation, medication for associated symptoms, penile traction therapy, injections, or surgical procedures.
Understanding the causes, symptoms, available treatments, and potential complications can help men recognize the condition early and make informed decisions about their sexual health.
What Is Peyronie's Disease?
Peyronie's disease is an acquired connective tissue disorder characterized by the formation of fibrous scar tissue, commonly called plaque, within the tunica albuginea. The tunica albuginea is the elastic membrane surrounding the erectile tissues of the penis.
During a normal erection, the erectile tissues fill with blood, allowing the penis to expand and become firm. The surrounding tissue stretches evenly, helping the penis maintain its natural shape.
However, when scar tissue develops in the tunica albuginea, the affected area loses some of its flexibility. As a result, the penis may not expand evenly during an erection. The side containing the scar tissue stretches less than the unaffected side, causing the penis to bend toward the affected area.
The curvature can occur upward, downward, or sideways. In some cases, Peyronie's disease also causes indentation, narrowing, or an hourglass-shaped appearance.
The condition is not contagious, is not a sexually transmitted infection, and is not considered penile cancer. However, it can significantly affect sexual function, confidence, and emotional well-being.
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the condition develops when plaque forms beneath the skin of the penis, affecting its normal flexibility and structure.
What Are the Main Symptoms of Peyronie's Disease?
The symptoms of Peyronie's disease vary from person to person. Some men experience only a small curvature, while others develop significant deformity and discomfort.
Symptoms may develop gradually over several weeks or months.
The most common symptoms include:
1. Penile Curvature During an Erection
One of the most noticeable symptoms is an abnormal bend in the penis during an erection.
The curvature develops because scar tissue prevents one part of the penile shaft from stretching normally. Depending on the location of the plaque, the penis may curve:
Upward toward the abdomen.
Downward toward the feet.
Left or right.
In multiple directions in more complex cases.
Some men notice a mild curve that does not interfere with sexual activity. Others experience severe curvature that makes penetration difficult or impossible.
2. Painful Erections
Pain during an erection is another common symptom, particularly during the active or inflammatory phase of the condition.
The discomfort may occur because the scar tissue and surrounding structures are stretched during an erection.
The pain may be mild, moderate, or severe. Some men experience discomfort only when the penis becomes erect, while others may also notice tenderness when touching the affected area.
Pain often improves over time, although it does not always disappear completely.
3. Hard Lumps or Plaques on the Penis
Men with Peyronie's disease may notice a firm lump or hardened area beneath the skin of the penile shaft.
This lump represents fibrous scar tissue.
It may be easier to identify when the penis is flaccid or during a physical examination by a healthcare professional.
The size, location, and number of plaques can vary. Some men develop one plaque, while others have multiple areas of scar tissue.
4. Shortening of the Penis
Peyronie's disease can cause a noticeable reduction in penile length.
Scar tissue restricts the normal expansion of the penis during an erection. Significant curvature and tissue changes can also contribute to perceived or actual shortening.
This symptom can be emotionally distressing, particularly for men who notice a significant difference in penile length compared with before the condition developed.
5. Erectile Dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) refers to difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection firm enough for satisfactory sexual activity.
Peyronie's disease and ED can occur together.
Some men experience ED because of underlying vascular or metabolic conditions, while others develop erection difficulties due to pain, anxiety, or the structural changes associated with Peyronie's disease.
In certain cases, the combination of severe curvature and inadequate erection firmness can make sexual intercourse difficult.
6. Difficulty During Sexual Intercourse
Severe penile curvature may interfere with penetration and cause discomfort for either partner.
Men may experience difficulty with certain sexual positions, reduced confidence, or avoidance of sexual activity.
The physical symptoms can also create emotional stress and relationship difficulties.
7. Penile Indentation or Hourglass Deformity
Some men develop an indentation or narrowing in the middle portion of the penis.
This can create an hourglass-like appearance.
In more complicated cases, the affected area may become structurally weak, causing the penis to bend or buckle during sexual activity.
What Causes Peyronie's Disease?
The exact cause of Peyronie's disease is not completely understood. However, medical research suggests that abnormal wound healing following injury to the penis plays an important role.
Small injuries may occur during sexual activity or other physical activities. Sometimes, these injuries are so minor that the person does not remember experiencing them.
In some individuals, the healing process triggers excessive scar tissue formation instead of normal tissue repair.
Over time, this scar tissue may develop into a hardened plaque that affects the flexibility of the penis.
Several factors may contribute to the development of Peyronie's disease.
1. Penile Injury or Trauma
Penile trauma is considered an important contributing factor.
An injury may occur when the erect penis is accidentally bent during sexual intercourse, physical activity, or an accident.
Such injuries can damage the tunica albuginea and trigger an abnormal healing response.
Repeated minor injuries may also contribute to scar tissue development in susceptible individuals.
However, not every man with Peyronie's disease remembers experiencing penile trauma.
2. Abnormal Wound Healing
Normally, the body repairs damaged tissue through a controlled healing process.
In Peyronie's disease, this process may become abnormal, resulting in excessive collagen deposition and fibrous plaque formation.
The scar tissue becomes less elastic than normal penile tissue, contributing to curvature and deformity during erections.
3. Genetic Factors
Some men may have an inherited tendency to develop abnormal scar tissue.
A family history of Peyronie's disease or certain connective tissue disorders may increase susceptibility.
However, having a family history does not mean that a person will necessarily develop the condition.
4. Diabetes
Diabetes is associated with several health complications, including blood vessel damage, nerve problems, and impaired tissue healing.
Men with diabetes may also have a greater likelihood of experiencing erectile dysfunction.
These factors can complicate the management of Peyronie's disease.
5. High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Conditions
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease are associated with vascular health problems.
These conditions may coexist with Peyronie's disease and can contribute to erectile difficulties.
However, they should not be considered direct causes in every patient.
6. Age-Related Changes
Peyronie's disease is more frequently diagnosed in middle-aged and older men.
As men age, changes in connective tissue, blood vessel health, and tissue repair may influence their susceptibility to the condition.
Nevertheless, younger men can also develop Peyronie's disease.
Who Is at Risk of Developing Peyronie's Disease?
Although Peyronie's disease can affect any adult man, certain factors may increase the likelihood of developing it.
Common risk factors include:
Age: The condition is more common in middle-aged and older men.
Diabetes: Metabolic problems may affect tissue healing and sexual function.
High blood pressure: Cardiovascular problems may coexist with penile health issues.
Smoking: Smoking can damage blood vessels and contribute to erectile dysfunction.
Previous penile injuries: Trauma may trigger abnormal scar tissue formation.
Family history: Genetic susceptibility may play a role.
Connective tissue disorders: Certain conditions, such as Dupuytren's contracture, are associated with Peyronie's disease.
It is important to understand that these factors do not guarantee that someone will develop the condition.
What Are the Different Stages of Peyronie's Disease?
Peyronie's disease is generally divided into two main stages: the active phase and the stable phase.
Understanding these stages is important because treatment decisions may differ depending on whether the condition is progressing or has stabilized.
1. Active Phase (Acute Phase)
The active phase is the initial period during which changes in the penis may continue.
During this stage, men may experience:
Increasing penile curvature.
Pain during erections.
Development or enlargement of scar tissue.
Changes in penile shape.
Progressive shortening or indentation.
The active phase can last several months, and the degree of curvature may change during this period.
Treatment during this stage generally focuses on managing pain, monitoring deformity, addressing erectile dysfunction, and considering appropriate nonsurgical options.
2. Stable Phase (Chronic Phase)
The stable phase begins when the penile deformity stops changing significantly.
During this stage:
Penile curvature becomes relatively stable.
Plaque formation generally stops progressing.
Pain often improves or disappears.
The penile deformity remains present.
Some men may continue to experience pain due to mechanical stretching or pressure on the scar tissue.
Surgical correction is generally considered only after the condition has stabilized for an appropriate period.
The exact duration depends on clinical circumstances and the applicable treatment guidelines.
How Is Peyronie's Disease Diagnosed?
Early diagnosis is important because it helps identify the severity of the condition and determine the most appropriate treatment.
A urologist or sexual medicine specialist generally diagnoses Peyronie's disease through medical history, physical examination, and selected imaging tests.
1. Medical History
The doctor will ask questions about symptoms, sexual health, and medical background.
Common questions include:
When did the penile curvature first appear?
Has the curvature become worse over time?
Do you experience pain during erections?
Have you noticed a hard lump on your penis?
Has your penile length changed?
Do you experience erectile dysfunction?
Does the condition interfere with sexual intercourse?
Have you previously experienced penile injuries?
These details help the doctor understand the progression of the condition.
2. Physical Examination
The urologist may examine the penis to identify hardened plaques, areas of tenderness, and structural abnormalities.
The doctor may also assess the location and approximate size of the scar tissue.
3. Erection Assessment
In some cases, the doctor may request photographs of the erect penis from different angles.
These images can help evaluate the direction and severity of the curvature.
Alternatively, a medically induced erection may be used during a clinical examination to assess penile deformity more accurately.
4. Penile Ultrasound
Ultrasound may be recommended to evaluate the penile tissues and identify plaque formation.
Doppler ultrasound can also help assess blood flow when erectile dysfunction is present or suspected.
It may provide information about:
Plaque location.
Plaque size.
Tissue abnormalities.
Blood circulation.
Erectile function.
Not every patient requires an ultrasound. The doctor determines whether imaging is necessary based on the clinical findings.
What Are the Treatment Options for Peyronie's Disease?
Treatment depends on several factors, including the severity of curvature, duration of symptoms, presence of pain, erectile function, and impact on sexual activity.
Some men with mild symptoms may not require active treatment. Others may benefit from medical management, injections, penile traction therapy, or surgery.
There is no single treatment that is appropriate for every patient.
1. Observation and Monitoring
Men with mild curvature, minimal discomfort, and satisfactory sexual function may not need immediate medical intervention.
In such cases, the doctor may recommend regular monitoring to determine whether the condition is progressing.
Observation may be appropriate when:
The curvature is mild.
There is no significant pain.
Sexual intercourse remains possible.
Erectile function is satisfactory.
The deformity does not cause major distress.
However, observation should involve appropriate medical follow-up rather than ignoring progressive symptoms.
2. Medication for Pain Management
During the active phase, some men experience pain during erections.
A doctor may recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), depending on the patient's medical history and individual suitability.
These medications may help reduce discomfort and inflammation.
However, pain-relieving medication does not reliably remove established scar tissue or permanently straighten the penis.
3. Intralesional Collagenase Injections
Collagenase injections are an established nonsurgical treatment option for selected patients with Peyronie's disease.
Collagenase is an enzyme that breaks down certain components of collagen within scar tissue.
It is injected directly into the penile plaque by a trained healthcare professional.
The treatment may help reduce penile curvature in appropriately selected patients.
In the United States, collagenase clostridium histolyticum (Xiaflex) is FDA-approved for certain adults with palpable plaques and curvature greater than 30 degrees.
The treatment involves a specific injection and penile modeling protocol.
Potential side effects include:
Penile swelling.
Bruising.
Pain.
Bleeding.
Rare but serious penile injury, including corporal rupture.
Availability and approved indications vary by country. It is important to consult an experienced urologist to determine whether this treatment is appropriate.
4. Verapamil Injections
Verapamil is a medication traditionally used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions.
When injected directly into a Peyronie's plaque, it may help some patients by influencing collagen production and scar tissue remodeling.
Some studies suggest potential improvements in pain, plaque characteristics, and curvature.
However, the evidence is less consistent than for established collagenase treatment, and treatment outcomes vary.
A specialist should explain the potential benefits and limitations before recommending this approach.
5. Interferon Injections
Interferon-alpha-2b is another medication that has been studied for the treatment of Peyronie's disease.
It may influence the processes involved in scar tissue formation.
Some clinical studies have reported improvements in penile curvature, plaque size, and pain.
However, availability and clinical use vary, and the treatment is not suitable for everyone.
6. Penile Traction Therapy
Penile traction therapy involves using a specialized medical device that gently stretches the penis for prescribed periods.
The purpose is to help improve penile length and reduce curvature over time.
The device applies controlled mechanical tension to the penile shaft.
Potential benefits may include:
Reduction in penile curvature.
Improvement in penile length.
Reduction in penile deformity.
Support as part of a broader treatment plan.
Results depend on the device, treatment duration, patient adherence, and severity of the condition.
Penile traction should be used according to professional guidance. Excessive tension or incorrect use may cause pain or injury.
Recent international recommendations recognize traction therapy as a possible treatment option, either alone or in combination with other approaches.
7. Shockwave Therapy
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) uses acoustic waves delivered to the affected area.
It has been investigated as a treatment for Peyronie's disease.
Some evidence suggests that shockwave therapy may help reduce penile pain in selected patients.
However, it has not been convincingly shown to correct penile curvature or eliminate established plaque.
Patients should understand that shockwave therapy should not be presented as a proven method of permanently straightening the penis.
8. Erectile Dysfunction Treatment
Some men with Peyronie's disease also experience erectile dysfunction.
Treatment may involve addressing the underlying causes of ED and improving erectile function.
Depending on the patient's condition, treatment options may include:
PDE5 inhibitor medications, such as sildenafil or tadalafil.
Management of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors.
Lifestyle modifications.
Vacuum erection devices.
Penile prosthesis implantation in selected cases.
These treatments address erectile function rather than directly removing the Peyronie's plaque.
Managing ED is important because adequate erectile function can influence treatment decisions, particularly when surgery is being considered.
9. Surgical Treatment
Surgery may be recommended for men with significant penile curvature, severe deformity, or difficulty having sexual intercourse.
Generally, surgical treatment is considered when the condition has become stable and the deformity significantly affects sexual function.
There are three main surgical approaches.
A. Penile Plication Surgery
Penile plication is a procedure designed to straighten the penis by shortening the longer side opposite the scar tissue.
The surgeon places sutures in the unaffected side to balance the penile shaft.
Potential benefits include:
Correction of penile curvature.
Relatively straightforward surgical technique.
Preservation of existing erectile function in appropriately selected patients.
Possible disadvantages include:
Some penile shortening.
Residual curvature.
Recurrence of deformity.
Reduced sensation or other surgical complications.
This procedure is generally suitable for men with adequate erectile function, sufficient penile length, and less complex curvature.
B. Plaque Incision or Excision With Grafting
This procedure is generally considered for men with severe curvature, significant indentation, or complex deformities.
The surgeon makes an incision in the scar tissue, or removes part of the plaque when appropriate, and uses a graft to cover the resulting defect.
The aim is to improve penile straightness while limiting additional shortening.
However, grafting procedures carry potential risks, including:
Erectile dysfunction.
Reduced penile sensation.
Graft contraction.
Persistent or recurrent curvature.
Other surgical complications.
The choice of grafting technique depends on the patient's anatomy and the surgeon's experience.
C. Penile Prosthesis Implantation
Penile prosthesis implantation may be recommended for men who have Peyronie's disease along with significant erectile dysfunction that does not respond adequately to other treatments.
The procedure involves placing an implant inside the penis to provide rigidity for sexual activity.
Additional straightening procedures may be performed during the same operation if significant curvature remains.
A penile prosthesis is not generally necessary for men who have Peyronie's disease but maintain satisfactory erectile function.
Can Peyronie's Disease Be Cured Completely?
Whether Peyronie's disease can be completely corrected depends on the severity of the condition, the treatment method, and individual healing responses.
Some men experience improvement in pain and symptoms without needing invasive treatment.
Others may achieve meaningful improvement in curvature through injections, traction therapy, or surgery.
However, complete restoration of the penis to its original shape and length cannot always be guaranteed.
Even after successful treatment, some patients may experience residual curvature, shortening, or erectile difficulties.
The main objectives of treatment are to:
Reduce discomfort and pain.
Improve penile curvature.
Preserve or restore erectile function.
Make sexual intercourse more comfortable and achievable.
Improve confidence and quality of life.
A realistic treatment plan should focus on functional improvement rather than promising perfect anatomical restoration.
Can Peyronie's Disease Go Away on Its Own?
In some men, symptoms may improve naturally, particularly during the early stages.
Pain often becomes less noticeable as the active inflammatory phase settles.
However, significant penile curvature and established scar tissue are less likely to disappear completely without treatment.
Some men experience stabilization without further progression, while others continue to have deformity that affects sexual activity.
It is therefore advisable to seek medical evaluation rather than assuming the condition will resolve on its own.
Is Peyronie's Disease Dangerous?
Peyronie's disease is generally not a life-threatening condition.
It does not usually interfere with urination, and it is not cancerous.
However, it can create significant physical, sexual, and psychological complications.
Potential complications include:
Severe penile curvature.
Painful erections.
Erectile dysfunction.
Penile shortening.
Difficulty with penetration.
Reduced sexual satisfaction.
Anxiety and depression.
Relationship difficulties.
The condition may also affect self-confidence and body image.
Men experiencing persistent symptoms should consult a urologist for appropriate evaluation and treatment.
How Does Peyronie's Disease Affect Sexual Health and Relationships?
Peyronie's disease can affect more than the physical structure of the penis.
The condition may influence a man's confidence, sexual performance, emotional health, and relationship satisfaction.
For example, men with severe curvature may feel embarrassed or anxious about sexual activity.
Pain during erections or difficulty with penetration can also create stress between partners.
Some men develop performance anxiety because they are worried about pain, erectile difficulties, or their partner's reaction.
Open communication can help reduce misunderstandings and emotional pressure.
Couples may benefit from discussing symptoms, adjusting sexual activities when necessary, and seeking professional guidance.
In cases where anxiety or relationship stress becomes significant, psychological counseling or sex therapy may also be helpful.
Lifestyle Changes That May Support Penile Health
Lifestyle changes cannot reliably remove Peyronie's plaques or reverse established curvature.
However, maintaining good general health may support erectile function and improve overall well-being.
Consider the following measures:
1. Maintain a Healthy Weight
Excess body weight is associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and erectile dysfunction.
Maintaining a healthy weight may help support better metabolic and vascular health.
2. Avoid Smoking
Smoking damages blood vessels and can contribute to erectile dysfunction.
Quitting smoking may improve overall cardiovascular health and support sexual function.
3. Manage Diabetes and Blood Pressure
Men with diabetes or hypertension should follow their healthcare professional's recommendations.
Controlling these conditions can reduce the risk of additional vascular complications.
4. Maintain Regular Physical Activity
Regular exercise supports cardiovascular health, circulation, and metabolic function.
Activities such as walking, cycling, and swimming can contribute to better overall health.
5. Avoid Penile Trauma
Men should avoid activities that place excessive pressure or force on the penis.
If sexual activity causes pain or discomfort, it is important to stop and seek medical advice when symptoms persist.
6. Follow Medical Recommendations
Patients should attend follow-up appointments and discuss any changes in curvature, pain, or erectile function.
Avoid using unapproved devices, supplements, or treatments without consulting a qualified healthcare professional.
Can Peyronie's Disease Be Prevented?
There is currently no guaranteed way to prevent Peyronie's disease.
Because the exact cause is not fully understood, prevention is difficult.
However, avoiding penile injuries may help reduce one potential contributing factor.
Practical precautions include:
Avoiding forceful bending of the erect penis.
Using adequate lubrication during sexual activity when needed.
Avoiding sexual positions that cause excessive bending or discomfort.
Seeking medical attention after significant penile injuries.
Managing conditions that affect cardiovascular and sexual health.
These measures may support general penile health but cannot guarantee prevention.
When Should You See a Doctor?
You should consult a urologist if you notice any of the following symptoms:
A new or worsening penile curve.
A hard lump or plaque beneath the penile skin.
Pain during erections.
Noticeable penile shortening.
Indentation or narrowing of the penile shaft.
Difficulty maintaining an erection.
Problems with sexual intercourse.
Early evaluation can help determine whether the symptoms are caused by Peyronie's disease or another medical condition.
Seek urgent medical attention if you experience a sudden penile injury accompanied by a popping sound, severe pain, rapid swelling, bruising, or sudden loss of erection, as these may indicate a penile fracture.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Peyronie's Disease
1. What is the main cause of Peyronie's disease?
The exact cause is not completely understood. However, abnormal wound healing following minor or repeated penile injuries is considered an important contributing factor. The healing process may lead to excessive scar tissue formation inside the penis.
2. Can Peyronie's disease cause erectile dysfunction?
Yes. Peyronie's disease can occur alongside erectile dysfunction. Scar tissue, penile deformity, pain, psychological stress, and underlying vascular problems may contribute to difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.
3. Is Peyronie's disease common in older men?
Peyronie's disease is more commonly diagnosed in middle-aged and older men. However, younger adults can also develop the condition.
4. Does Peyronie's disease cause penile shortening?
Yes. Scar tissue and changes in penile elasticity can contribute to penile shortening. Significant curvature may also make the penis appear shorter.
5. Can Peyronie's disease be treated without surgery?
Yes. Selected patients may benefit from observation, medication for pain or associated ED, collagenase injections where available, and penile traction therapy. The most appropriate approach depends on the severity and stage of the condition.
6. Are collagenase injections effective for Peyronie's disease?
Collagenase injections can reduce penile curvature in appropriately selected patients. However, results vary, and the treatment carries potential risks. It should only be administered by a qualified healthcare professional.
7. Does Peyronie's disease go away naturally?
Pain may improve naturally as the condition progresses from the active to the stable phase. However, established scar tissue and significant penile curvature often remain.
8. Can Peyronie's disease affect sexual performance?
Yes. Severe curvature, pain, erectile dysfunction, and anxiety may make sexual intercourse difficult and reduce sexual satisfaction.
9. Is Peyronie's disease contagious?
No. Peyronie's disease is not an infectious condition and cannot spread through sexual contact.
10. Can men with Peyronie's disease have children?
Yes. Peyronie's disease does not directly affect sperm production or fertility. However, severe curvature or erectile dysfunction may make sexual intercourse and natural conception more difficult.
11. Is penile traction therapy helpful?
Penile traction therapy may help reduce curvature and improve penile length in some patients. Its effectiveness depends on the device, treatment protocol, and individual response.
12. Does shockwave therapy straighten the penis?
Current evidence does not establish shockwave therapy as an effective method for correcting penile curvature. It may help with penile pain in selected patients, but it should not be considered a proven curvature-correction treatment.
13. When is surgery recommended for Peyronie's disease?
Surgery may be considered when penile curvature has stabilized and significantly interferes with sexual intercourse. The choice of procedure depends on penile length, curvature severity, deformity, and erectile function.
14. Can Peyronie's disease cause permanent damage?
The condition can cause persistent penile curvature, shortening, and sexual difficulties. Although these changes are not necessarily dangerous, they may require treatment if they significantly affect quality of life.
15. Which doctor treats Peyronie's disease?
A urologist, particularly one specializing in male sexual medicine or penile reconstructive surgery, is the appropriate specialist for evaluating and treating Peyronie's disease.
Conclusion
Peyronie's disease is a penile condition caused by the development of fibrous scar tissue that affects the normal flexibility and structure of the penis. It can result in abnormal curvature, painful erections, penile shortening, erectile dysfunction, and difficulties during sexual intercourse.
Although the condition can be physically and emotionally challenging, several treatment options are available. Depending on the severity and stage of the disease, management may involve observation, pain relief, injections, penile traction therapy, erectile dysfunction treatment, or surgical correction.
Early diagnosis and professional medical guidance are important for managing symptoms and preventing unnecessary complications. Men experiencing penile curvature, pain, or changes in erectile function should consult a qualified urologist to discuss their condition and available treatment options.
Most importantly, Peyronie's disease is a treatable medical condition in many cases, and men should not feel embarrassed about seeking professional help.
Medical Disclaimer
This article is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Treatment decisions for Peyronie's disease should be made in consultation with a qualified urologist or sexual medicine specialist. Never start medication, injections, or penile traction therapy without appropriate medical guidance.
Medical References and Further Reading
The following reputable medical resources provide additional information about Peyronie's disease:
